MAFUNSO OGWIRITSA NTCHITO
Chiyambireni kupangidwa kwa reagent mbale mu 1951, kwakhala kofunikira m'mapulogalamu ambiri; kuphatikiza kuwunika kwachipatala, biology ya mamolekyulu ndi biology yama cell, komanso kusanthula zakudya ndi mankhwala. Kufunika kwa mbale ya reagent sikuyenera kunyalanyazidwa chifukwa ntchito zasayansi zaposachedwa zokhudzana ndi kuwunika kwapamwamba zitha kuwoneka ngati zosatheka.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana pazachipatala, maphunziro, zamankhwala ndi zamankhwala, mbalezi zimamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki yogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi. Tanthauzo lake, akagwiritsidwa ntchito, amasungidwa m'matumba ndikutumizidwa kumalo otayirapo kapena kutayidwa ndi kutenthedwa - nthawi zambiri popanda kuyambiranso mphamvu. Mambalewa akatumizidwa ku zinyalala amawonjezera zina mwa matani pafupifupi 5.5 miliyoni a zinyalala zapulasitiki za mu labotale zomwe zimapangidwa chaka chilichonse. Pamene kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki kukukulirakulira padziko lonse lapansi, zikubweretsa funso - kodi mbale zomwe zidatha ntchito zitha kutayidwa m'njira yosawononga chilengedwe?
Timakambirana ngati titha kugwiritsanso ntchito mbale za reagent, ndikuwunikanso zina zomwe zikugwirizana nazo.
KODI MBALE ZA REAGENT AMAPANGIDWA KUCHOKERA CHIYANI?
Ma mbale a reagent amapangidwa kuchokera ku thermoplastic recyclable, polypropylene. Polypropylene ndiyoyenera ngati pulasitiki ya labotale chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake - chinthu chotsika mtengo, chopepuka, chokhazikika, chokhala ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Ndiwosabala, wolimba komanso wosavuta kuumbika, ndipo m'malingaliro ake ndi osavuta kutaya. Zitha kupangidwanso kuchokera ku Polystyrene ndi zinthu zina.
Komabe, polypropylene ndi mapulasitiki ena kuphatikizapo Polystyrene omwe analengedwa monga njira yotetezera chilengedwe kuti asawonongeke ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mopitirira muyeso, tsopano akuyambitsa vuto lalikulu la chilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikukamba za mbale zopangidwa kuchokera ku Polypropylene.
KUTAYA MBALE ZA REAGENT
Ma mbale omwe atha ntchito kuchokera ku ma labotale ambiri aku UK komanso aboma amatayidwa m'njira ziwiri. Amatha 'kusungidwa' ndikutumizidwa kumalo otayirako, kapena amatenthedwa. Njira zonsezi ndi zowononga chilengedwe.
NTCHITO
Akakwiriridwa pamalo otayirako zinyalala, zinthu zapulasitiki zimatenga zaka zapakati pa 20 ndi 30 kuti ziwonongeke mwachilengedwe. Panthawi imeneyi zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, zomwe zimakhala ndi poizoni monga lead ndi cadmium, zimatha kuphulika pang'onopang'ono pansi ndikufalikira m'madzi apansi. Izi zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri pama biosystem angapo. Kusunga mbale za reagent kuchokera pansi ndikofunikira.
KUCHOKERA
Zofukizira zimawotcha zinyalala, zomwe zikachitika pamlingo waukulu zimatha kutulutsa mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene kuyatsa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yowonongera mbale za reagent, zotsatirazi zimabuka:
● Mbale za reagent zikatenthedwa zimatha kutulutsa dioxin ndi vinyl chloride. Zonsezi zimagwirizana ndi zotsatira zovulaza anthu. Ma dioxin ndi owopsa kwambiri ndipo amatha kuyambitsa khansa, mavuto a ubereki ndi chitukuko, kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo chamthupi, komanso kusokoneza mahomoni [5]. Vinyl chloride imawonjezera chiopsezo cha mtundu wosowa wa khansa ya chiwindi (hepatic angiosarcoma), komanso khansa ya ubongo ndi m'mapapo, lymphoma, ndi leukemia.
● Phulusa loopsa lingayambitse zotsatira za nthawi yochepa (monga nseru ndi kusanza) ku zotsatira za nthawi yaitali (monga kuwonongeka kwa impso ndi khansa).
● Mpweya wotenthetsera moto wochokera m’zotenthetsera ndi m’malo ena monga galimoto za dizilo ndi petulo umayambitsa matenda opuma.
● Mayiko a azungu nthawi zambiri amatumiza zinyalala ku mayiko amene akutukuka kumene kuti zikawotchedwe, zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala kumalo oletsedwa, kumene utsi wake wapoizoni umawononga msanga thanzi la anthu, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azidwala matenda otupa pakhungu mpaka khansa.
● Malinga ndi ndondomeko ya dipatimenti yoona za chilengedwe, kutaya mwa kuotcha kuyenera kukhala njira yomaliza
KUKHALA KWA VUTO
NHS yokha imapanga matani a pulasitiki a 133,000 pachaka, ndi 5% yokha yomwe imatha kubwezeretsedwanso. Zina mwa zinyalalazi zitha kupangidwa ndi mbale ya reagent. Monga a NHS adalengeza kuti ndi Ya Greener NHS [2] yadzipereka kubweretsa ukadaulo wamakono kuti uthandizire kutsitsa mpweya wake posintha kuchoka ku zotayidwa kupita ku zida zogwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati kuli kotheka. Kubwezeretsanso kapena kugwiritsanso ntchito mbale za Polypropylene reagent ndi njira ziwiri zonse zotayira mbale m'njira yosawononga chilengedwe.
KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO MBALE ZA REAGENT
96 Mbaleakhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, koma pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nthawi zambiri izi sizothandiza. Izi ndi:
● Kuwachapa kuti mudzagwiritsenso ntchito n’kudyera nthawi
● Kuziyeretsa kumawononga ndalama zambiri, makamaka zosungunulira
● Ngati utoto wagwiritsidwa ntchito, zosungunulira zomwe zimafunika kuchotsa utotowo zimatha kusungunula mbaleyo
● Zosungunulira zonse ndi zotsukira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa ziyenera kuchotsedwa kwathunthu
● Mbale iyenera kutsukidwa mwamsanga mukangoigwiritsa ntchito
Kuti mbale itheke kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, mbalezo ziyenera kukhala zosadziwika bwino ndi zomwe zidapangidwa pambuyo poyeretsa. Palinso zovuta zina zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwanso, monga ngati mbalezo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zikhale zomangira mapuloteni, njira yotsuka imatha kusinthanso zomwe zimamangiriza. Mbaleyo sikanakhalanso yofanana ndi yoyamba.
Ngati labotale yanu ikufuna kugwiritsanso ntchitombale reagent, makina ochapira mbale monga awa akhoza kukhala njira yabwino.
KUSINTHA MBALE ZA REAGENT
Pali masitepe asanu omwe akukhudzidwa pakubwezeretsanso mbale Masitepe atatu oyamba ndi ofanana ndi kubwezeretsanso zida zina koma ziwiri zomaliza ndizofunika kwambiri.
● Zosonkhanitsa
● Kusanja
● Kuyeretsa
● Kukonzanso posungunuka - polypropylene yosonkhanitsidwa imayikidwa mu extruder ndi kusungunuka pa 4,640 °F (2,400 °C) ndi pellets.
● Kupanga zinthu zatsopano kuchokera ku PP yokonzedwanso
ZOVUTA NDI MWAYI POKONZEKERA MBALE ZA REAGENT
Kubwezeretsanso mbale kumatenga mphamvu zochepa kuposa kupanga zinthu zatsopano kuchokera kumafuta oyambira mafuta [4], zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosangalatsa. Komabe, pali zopinga zingapo zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
POLYPROPYLENE INASABWERETSA NTCHITO YOSAVUTA
Ngakhale kuti polypropylene ikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso, mpaka posachedwapa yakhala imodzi mwazinthu zosagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (ku USA imaganiziridwa kuti ikugwiritsidwanso ntchito pamlingo wochepera 1 peresenti kuti abwezeretsenso ogula pambuyo pake). Pali zifukwa ziwiri zazikulu za izi:
● Kupatukana - Pali mitundu 12 ya mapulasitiki ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzilekanitsa ndi kuzibwezeretsanso. Ngakhale luso lamakono la kamera lapangidwa ndi Vestforbrænding, Dansk Affaldsminimering Aps, ndi PLASTIX zomwe zimatha kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa mapulasitiki, sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kotero kuti pulasitiki imayenera kusanja pamanja pa gwero kapena ndi teknoloji yolakwika pafupi ndi infrared.
● Kusintha kwa Katundu - Polima imataya mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha kwake kudzera m'magawo obwereza motsatizana. Zomangira pakati pa haidrojeni ndi kaboni m'gululi zimakhala zofooka, zomwe zimakhudza ubwino wa zinthuzo.
Komabe, pali zifukwa zina zokhalira ndi chiyembekezo. Proctor & Gamble mogwirizana ndi PureCycle Technologies akumanga malo obwezeretsanso a PP ku Lawrence County, Ohio omwe apanga polypropylene yopangidwanso ndi mtundu wa "namwali".
MAPALASITIKO A MA LABORATORI AKUSINKHA M'MALANGIZO OYANKHULA
Ngakhale mbale za labotale nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito, ndi malingaliro olakwika omwe anthu ambiri amawadziwa kuti zida zonse za labotale zili ndi kachilombo. Lingaliroli likutanthauza kuti mbale za reagent, monga mapulasitiki onse azachipatala ndi ma laboratories padziko lonse lapansi, achotsedwa pamachitidwe obwezeretsanso, ngakhale pomwe ena sanaipitsidwe. Maphunziro ena m'derali angathandize kuthana ndi izi.
Kuphatikiza apo, mayankho atsopano akuperekedwa ndi makampani omwe amapanga labware ndipo mayunivesite akukhazikitsa mapulogalamu obwezeretsanso.
Thermal Compaction Group yapanga njira zololeza zipatala ndi ma lab odziyimira pawokha kuti azibwezeretsanso mapulasitiki pamalopo. Atha kulekanitsa mapulasitiki komwe amachokera ndikusandutsa polypropylene kukhala ma briquette olimba omwe angatumizidwe kuti akabwezerenso.
Mayunivesite apanga njira zochepetsera m'nyumba ndikukambirana ndi zomera zobwezeretsanso ma polypropylene kuti atenge pulasitiki wowonongeka. Pulasitiki yogwiritsidwa ntchitoyo imayikidwa m'makina ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana.
POWOMBETSA MKOTA
Mabala a reagentNdi labotale ya tsiku ndi tsiku yomwe imathandizira kuti pafupifupi matani 5.5 miliyoni a zinyalala zapulasitiki za labotale zopangidwa ndi mabungwe ofufuza a 20,500 padziko lonse lapansi mu 2014, matani 133,000 a zinyalala zapachaka izi amachokera ku NHS ndipo 5% yokha ndiyomwe imatha kubwezeretsedwanso.
Ma mbale omwe anatha ntchito omwe sanaphatikizidwepo m'machitidwe obwezeretsanso akuthandizira ku zinyalala komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mapulasitiki ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi.
Pali zovuta zomwe zimafunika kuthana ndi mbale zobwezeretsanso reagent ndi mapulasitiki ena a labu omwe amatha kutenga mphamvu zochepa kuti abwezeretsenso poyerekeza ndi kupanga zatsopano.
Kugwiritsanso ntchito kapena kubwezeretsanso96 mbale za zitsimezonse ndi njira zosamalira zachilengedwe zothanirana ndi mbale zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zomwe zidatha. Komabe, pali zovuta zokhudzana ndi kukonzanso kwa polypropylene komanso kuvomereza pulasitiki yogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku kafukufuku ndi ma laboratories a NHS komanso kugwiritsa ntchitonso mbale.
Zoyesayesa zokonza zochapira ndi kukonzanso zinthu, komanso kukonzanso ndi kuvomereza zinyalala za mu labotale, zikupitilira. Ukadaulo watsopano ukupangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chiyembekezo kuti titha kutaya mbale za reagent m'njira yoteteza zachilengedwe.
Pali zopinga zina zomwe zikufunikabe kutsutsidwa mderali komanso kafukufuku wina ndi maphunziro opangidwa ndi ma laboratories ndi mafakitale omwe amagwira ntchito mderali.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-23-2022